Reduce iron deficiency among children and females of childbearing age - Children aged 1 to 2 years
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Baseline
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Target
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Objective
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Year
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Baseline
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1998
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1999
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2000
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2001
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2002
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2003
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2004
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2005
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2006
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2010
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19-12a Iron deficiency in young children (aged 1 to 2
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years)
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1988-94
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9%
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---
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---
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7%
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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5%
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Race and ethnicity
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American Indian or Alaska Native only
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1988-94
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DSU
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---
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---
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DSU
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
|
---
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5%
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Asian or Pacific Islander only
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1988-94
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DNA
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---
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---
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DNC
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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5%
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Asian only
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1988-94
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DNC
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---
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---
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DSU
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
|
---
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5%
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Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander only
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1988-94
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DNC
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---
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---
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DSU
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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5%
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Black or African American only
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1988-94
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10%
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---
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---
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DNA
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
|
---
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5%
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White only
|
1988-94
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8%
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---
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---
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DNA
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---
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---
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---
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---
|
---
|
---
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5%
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2 or more races
|
1988-94
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DNC
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---
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---
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DSU
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---
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---
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---
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---
|
---
|
---
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5%
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American Indian or Alaska Native; White
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1988-94
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DNC
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---
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---
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DSU
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---
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---
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---
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---
|
---
|
---
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5%
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Black or African American; White
|
1988-94
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DNC
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---
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---
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DSU
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---
|
---
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---
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---
|
---
|
---
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5%
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Hispanic or Latino
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1988-94
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DSU
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---
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---
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DSU
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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5%
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Mexican American
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1988-94
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17%
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---
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---
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15%
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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5%
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Not Hispanic or Latino
|
1988-94
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DNA
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---
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---
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DNA
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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5%
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Black or African American only, not Hispanic or Latino
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1988-94
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10%
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---
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---
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DSU
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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5%
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White only, not Hispanic or Latino
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1988-94
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6%
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---
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---
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DSU
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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5%
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Family income level
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Lower income level (<=130% of poverty threshold)
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1988-94
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12%
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---
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---
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DNA
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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5%
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Higher income level (>130% of poverty threshold)
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1988-94
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7%
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---
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---
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DNA
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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---
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5%
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DATA ISSUES
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--- = Data are not available.
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BSL = Baseline data available for this year. See Baseline column.
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DNA = Data have not been analyzed.
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DNC = Data for specific population are not collected.
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DSU = Data do not meet the criteria for statistical reliability, data quality, or
confidentiality.
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NA = Not applicable.
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DATA SOURCE
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19-12a National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), CDC, NCHS.
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Additional Information
Numerator: Number of children aged 1 to 2 years with abnormal results for two or
more of the following tests: serum ferritin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, or
transferring saturation.
Denominator: Number of children aged 1 to 2 years.
Population Targeted: U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population.
Blood was collected by phlebotomy. Transferrin saturation was calculated by dividing
serum iron by total iron binding capacity. Serum iron and total iron binding capacity
were measured colorimetrically (by Alpkem RFA analyzer, Clackamas, Oregon), and
1 percent thiourea was added to complex copper to prevent copper interference. Free
erythrocyte protoporphyrin was measured via fluorescence extraction, and serum ferritin
was measured with the BioRad Quantimmune IRMA kit (BioRad Laboratories, Hercules,
California).
Iron deficiency is defined as abnormal results for two or more of the following
tests: serum ferritin, free erythrocyte protoporphyrin, or transferrin saturation.
The basis of the use for two of three abnormal tests was the finding that populations
with only one abnormal test of these three had scarcely more anemia than those with
all normal test results. The prevalence of anemia was substantially elevated in
those who had two or three abnormal tests. The selection of threshold values for
abnormal results were based on those derived for the previous NHANES (1976-80) by
an expert panel, except where (1) evidence existed for changes in assay methods
or in changes in other confounding factors like blood lead; and (2) an evaluation
of the iron status indicator distribution in a reference group of healthy persons
from the 1988-94 NHANES supported a change in the 1976-80 NHANES thresholds.
Threshold values for abnormal results on iron tests vary by age. Abnormal values
for serum ferritin concentration are defined as less than 10 æg/L for children aged
1 to 4 years and less than 12 æg/L for females aged 12 to 49 years. Abnormal values
for females aged 12 to 49 years. Abnormal values for free erythrocyte protoporphyrin
are greater than 1.42 æmol/L for children aged 1 to 2 years (80 æg/dL of red blood
cells), and greater than 1.24 æmol/L (70 æg/dL of red blood cells) for other persons.
Abnormal values for transferrin saturation are less than 10 percent for children
aged 1 to 2 years, less than 12 percent for children aged 3 to 4 years, less than
14 percent for females aged 12 to 15 years, and less than 15 percent for females
aged 16 years and older.
The terms anemia, iron deficiency, and iron deficiency anemia are often used interchangeably,
but are not equivalent. Anemia can be caused by many factors other than iron deficiency,
including other nutrient deficiencies, infection, inflammation, and hereditary anemias.
When the prevalence of iron deficiency is high, such as during the third trimester
of pregnancy, anemia is a good predictor of iron deficiency. When the prevalence
of iron deficiency is low, such as among white, non-Hispanic children aged 3 to
4 years in the United States, the majority of anemia is due to other causes.